New Mexico in the Rough
by J. Young
Artwork by Gregg Burch
Part one. Animation.
New Mexico joined the United States as a territory on September 9th, 1850, and later became the 47th state on January 6th, 1912. The bill for statehood was signed by President William Taft. The state is commonly referred to as “Land of the Enchantment”, a nickname adopted from a 1930’s tourism advertisement. Additionally, “The Cactus State” is another nickname given to the state. The Pinon Tree is the official state tree of New Mexico and has a distinct aroma. It also produces Pine nuts, which can be roasted and eaten or used to make coffee. The Chile pepper is the official state vegetable or fruit, and it’s a common question in the state to ask if you prefer red, green, or both when it comes to the flavor of Chile on your food.
New Mexico is an extraordinary state filled with enchanting natural wonders. Approximately 32% of its total landmass is occupied by lush forests, and the government owns the majority (28%) of the state’s land. The state’s expansive reservations, which stretch across 56.2 million acres, were designated for the indigenous people who first inhabited the land. Due to its seemingly uninhabitable areas, New Mexico has a vibrant wildlife population, including bears, mountain lions, elk, bobcats, and various reptiles and critters. The state bird is the Greater Roadrunner while the state insect is the Tarantula Wasp, and the state reptile is the Whiptail Lizard. At night, stargazers are treated to a magnificent spectacle of bright stars and dancing auroras thanks to New Mexico’s dry climate, low population, low pollution, and high altitude.
New Mexico has a delightful climate that boasts a generous amount of sunshine year-round. In the winter season, the temperature dips to an overnight low of twenty degrees Fahrenheit, with occasional light snowfall, followed by mild sunshine. During summers, the temperature rises to an average of ninety degrees, but the higher altitude of most locations in the state ensures a cool breeze to keep you comfortable. Additionally, most regions in the state are located at a higher altitude, even on the eastern plains, with an impressive elevation of 4,000 feet above sea level. The spring season is marked by windy conditions, which could lead to forest fires, lasting through the summer months. Nevertheless, New Mexico assures visitors and residents a refreshing climate, characterized by abundant sunshine and cool breezes.
New Mexico receives approximately 50 percent of its annual rainfall from monsoons, which take place from mid-June to the end of September. These impressive weather events showcase sudden and heavy rainfall known as rain flashes. The phenomenon occurs when wind direction changes from dry western winds to the eastern and southeast winds mainly from Mexico into the southwestern USA, thus increasing humidity in the region. The moist air then transforms into a heavy and wet cloud, resulting in heavy rainfall. The storms are contained in small areas at once but can move with the wind. Winds and lightning strikes during monsoons can be intense and pose a risk to the community, especially if they result in fire outbreaks. By using a standard camera, one could capture several lightning strikes during monsoons, which occur frequently. New Mexico’s climate is generally arid, making monsoons an essential component of the water cycle and maintaining life in the region.
The Zia symbol holds great significance as it is prominently featured on the state flag of New Mexico. Historically, the Zia puebloans were among the earliest human inhabitants of the region. The symbol itself is deeply rooted in symbolism, representing the four cardinal directions, seasons, stages of life, and periods of a day. Moreover, the shape is framed by a circle of life that is said to have no beginning or end. In Zia culture, the numbers two and four are also considered sacred. The colors of the symbol, yellow and red, hold great significance, as they symbolize strength, valor, and generosity in line with Spain’s original kingdom of beliefs. Overall, the Zia symbol is a rich representation of the culture and heritage of New Mexico, steeped in deep historical tradition and symbolism.
Imagine the excitement that arose when travelers in the early 19th century arrived at a place with an environment and feel completely unlike anything they had ever experienced. Even today, the striking contrasts of the western landscape can feel otherworldly. For those used to the midwestern plains, the giant, colorful, mysterious rock formations jutting out from all angles, many reaching toward the sky, must have been breathtaking. Similarly captivating are the unique and alluring charms of the vegetation, especially the cacti and yucca plants. The western landscape is both mesmerizing and enchanting and continues to captivate visitors to this day.
Part 2. Changing Shape.
New Mexico is a geological wonderland, shaped by a multitude of volcanic eruptions over millions of years. The tectonic plates beneath the earth’s surface have caused both convergence and divergence, leading to the formation of mountain ranges and underground magma. This heated liquid can reach the surface through cracks and vents, erupting as lava and spewing out hot rocks, ash, and gas into the air. As the materials cool, they settle in unique formations, from tall cone-shaped mounds to towering mountains. While there are three common types of volcanoes – cinder, composite, and shield – a plethora of other forms can also be found. The incredible natural beauty of New Mexico is a testament to the powerful and complex geological forces that have shaped it over time.
Volcanoes come in different shapes and sizes, each with unique characteristics. Composite volcanoes typically have the most explosive eruptions and can create towering peaks. In contrast, shield volcanoes have gently sloping sides that stretch for miles and less volatile eruptions. Cinder cones or scorias are smaller, simpler volcanoes that usually do not exceed 1000 feet in height. The interior of a cinder cone is made up of semi-hardened globs of lava, which were ejected from a small vent and form a round or oval structure with a bowl-shaped crater at the summit. These volcanic eruptions have the power to dramatically reshape the surrounding landscape, often forming large calderas or craters that may later become filled with water.
Volcanoes can be categorized in several ways. Monogenetic volcanoes, including cinder cones, maars, tuff rings, and domes, tend to erupt only once. In contrast, polygenetic volcanoes, such as composite, shield, and calderas, typically have multiple eruptions. Additionally, some volcanoes build up a structure above ground after an eruption, known as constructional volcanoes, which include cinder, composite, and shield volcanoes. Finally, there are excavational volcanoes, which occur underground and can cause sinking above ground due to the intense heat. Examples of excavational volcanoes include maars, tuff rings, and calderas, among others. Understanding the different types of volcanoes and their characteristics is essential for predicting their behavior and mitigating risks associated with their eruptions.
New Mexico may not have as many volcanoes as other states in the U.S, but each of them holds a unique history and geological significance. The largest volcano in New Mexico is the Valles Caldera, also known as the Valle Grande, which stretches across 13.7 miles and formed over a million years ago. It has shaped the surrounding landscape, attracting visitors to hike and ski in its craters and forests.
Another notable volcano is the Capulin Volcano, which is so perfectly formed that it looks like a scene from a movie. This cone volcano erupted only once, leaving behind a perfect example for scientists and tourists to study. The Jemez Mountains hold the state’s most active volcano, the Redondo Peak. It has been erupting for the last 1.5 million years, coalescing into mountains and valleys, and creating crystal clear hot springs.
The volcanic activity in New Mexico makes it a hub of research and exploration for geologists and volcanologists. Visitors can appreciate the stunning scenery and learn about the formation process, which has helped shape the state’s beautiful landscape into what it is today.
Part 3 Genesis
New Mexico is a state known for its rich cultural heritage, and the native Indian tribes are a major part of it. These tribes have deep roots in the history of the United States and have played an important role in shaping the country. Many tourists come each year to visit the Indian reservations and learn more about their culture and traditions.
There are 19 Indian tribes that live in New Mexico, each with their own unique culture, traditions, and customs. Some of the most well-known tribes include the Navajo, Apache, and Pueblo tribes. These tribes have preserved their way of life for many years and are proud of their heritage.
The Indian reservations in New Mexico offer a unique way for tourists to learn about these ancient cultures and experience the way of life that has been passed down from generation to generation. Visitors can see the traditional dwellings such as teepees and hogans and learn about the pottery, weaving and beadwork that is still practiced today.
Some of the most popular attractions on the Indian reservations in New Mexico include the Gathering of Nations PowWow in Albuquerque and the Feast Day celebrations held throughout the year. Visitors can enjoy traditional foods such as fry bread and Navajo tacos, as well as cultural dances and music.
In short, a trip to the Indian reservations in New Mexico is a wonderful way to learn more about the ancient cultures of the state and gain a deeper appreciation for the traditions that have been passed down through the centuries. Come and explore the rich heritage of the Indian tribes in New Mexico and create unforgettable memories that will last a lifetime.
The area was inhabited by the Zia people in the 13th century, making them the first recorded inhabitants of the region. They still exist today with their name being simplified by Spanish settlers from The Tsia to Zia. The Zia made their homes from adobe and volcanic material, typically in the form of a large box structure with smaller ones above. The style of their homes is reminiscent of an apartment complex, with ladders for climbing placed on the sides. The Zia were discovered by Spanish explorers who arrived in the New Mexico area at around the same time as the Apache.
The Apache tribe, who emerged as a dominant force in the region, were descendants of the Athapascan family that migrated south from the Arctic regions to seek warmer climates in the 1500s. The Apache comprised of the Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipans, Kiowa, Nataina, Tuetenini, Tshilinainde, Guhlkainde and the Tahunde bands, with most of them settling in separate groups between the Pecos and the Rio Grande. They were known for their affinity for high altitude regions, where they lived in the mountains during summer and moved to the foot of the mountains in winter. The Apache resisted Mexican, Spanish and Anglo culture as well as authority for centuries. They crafted knee-high moccasins from buckskin cloth that could be folded down to the ankle. The men hunted Buffalo, deer, elk while the women gathered fruits, plants and nuts. The tribe relied on smoke signals, mirrors, piles of stones, and picture messages to communicate over long distances. They used dog sleds, woven blankets, or large dug-out tree trunk slabs to transport possessions or supplies in the winter.
In 1680, the Apache tribe joined forces with the Anasazi Pueblo people, effectively expelling the Spanish from the region. Through a series of strategic attacks, they successfully persuaded the Spanish to abandon their settlement in Jumano.
In the 1720s, a prolonged conflict occurred between the Apache and the Comanche, which spanned over three years. Unfortunately, the Apache were ultimately defeated, which forced them to migrate further south. Soon after, they found themselves entangled in another confrontation, this time with the Spanish. In 1775, roughly 2,000 Spanish soldiers were enlisted to engage in battle against the Apache. Subsequent skirmishes ended in the loss of about 150 Apache and ultimately their defeat. Consequently, their defeat forced them to retreat further north; however, due to the Spanish’s decision to move north once again, the Apache continued to encounter hardship.
Bernardo de Galvez, a Spanish militant, assumed control of the northern portion of “New Spain” in 1790. He devised a strategy to maintain peace with the Apache tribe by weakening them from within. His approach involved the provision of liquor, food, and small firearms to lure them in.
Throughout history, the relationship between the Mescalero and surrounding settlements has been complex. The Mescalero showed initial appreciation for the introduced weapons and alcoholic drinks, and coexisted peacefully near the San Elizario military settlement. Unfortunately, this peace was short-lived. After Mexico declared its independence from Spanish rule in 1821 and began desiring Mescalero land, the Apache went on a warpath. The only areas left untouched were the old Spanish settlements. In a deplorable act, the Mexican government resorted to hiring “scalphunters” and offered payment for each Mescalero scalp as a means of terrorizing them. However, their tactics were thwarted when European and American settlers began a conflict with Mexico in the spring of 1846 and defeated them, bringing renewed hope to the Mescalero people.
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed in February 1848, resulted in significant territorial acquisition for the United States. Texas and all the land west of it, extending to the Pacific Ocean and south to the Rio Grande, were ceded to the United States. As part of this treaty, Mexico was compensated with a sum of 15 million dollars, which, in today’s currency, amounts to over five hundred million dollars.
Part 4 Ingress
Discovering the trails taken by Billy the Kid is a thrilling adventure! While some have faded away, there are still parts of these historic routes that remain visible today. Utilizing keen eyesight and observation, one can still spot old wagon ruts along waterways and open spaces. It is fascinating to see how these trails have transformed into modern highways or walking trails, while others have disappeared entirely. These three primary routes to Santa Fe were the major pathways used by Anglos, Spaniards, Native Tribes and of course Billy the Kid and his posse, and with confidence, we can retrace their steps and gain a deeper understanding of their journey. Let’s embark on this exciting expedition with determination and a can-do attitude!
The Santa Fe Trail
The Santa Fe Trail was an important trade route in the mid-19th century that connected Independence, Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico.
In 1821 an ad was run in the newspaper (The Missouri Intelligencer), from Captain William Becknell of Franklin, Missouri looking for men to join and invest in a trading expedition to the Mexican border town of Santa Fe. In September of 1821, a wagon was loaded with goods to trade and to sell going through what was later to be Kansas to Santa Fe arriving in November. When William Becknell returned to Missouri, with lots of money and items received in trade. The mission was deemed a huge success. Afterwards more and more wagons loaded with trade goods were bound for Santa Fe. The Trail became known as an international commercial highway.
The trail was initially used by American fur trappers, but it later became a popular route for traders and merchants to transport goods such as furs, textiles, and other supplies. The trail was approximately 900 miles long and took roughly six weeks to travel by wagon. The journey was treacherous and dangerous, as travelers faced harsh weather conditions, treacherous terrain, and the threat of attack by Native Americans. Despite the risks, the Santa Fe Trail played a vital role in the expansion of trade and commerce in the American West, and it remains an important part of American history.
The Spanish Trail
The Spanish Trail also known as the Old Spanish Trail, was a route that connected Santa Fe, New Mexico, to Los Angeles, California, during the 19th century. The trail was used by Spanish explorers, traders, and travelers as a way to transport goods and trade between the two regions.
The trail covered over 1200 miles and passed through some of the harshest terrain in the Southwest, including deserts, mountains, and canyons. Despite the challenges, the trail was a significant factor in the expansion of trade and migration to the West Coast.
Like Captain Becknell and his trade mission, Mr. Antonio Armijo left for California in 1829 with about 40-60 men and 100 mules loaded with woolen rugs, blankets and hides. In return, Armijo drove back a large number of horses into Santa Fe. This Trail was very difficult to travel with the mountains being in the way, which is why mostly pack mules were used and not many wagons
Today, many sections of the Spanish Trail are still visible, and visitors can experience this historic route for themselves. The trail passes through national parks, forests, and wildlife refuges, providing a unique opportunity to explore the natural beauty of the Southwest while learning about its rich history.
Overall, the Spanish Trail is a testament to the resilience and determination of the people who traveled it. It remains a vital part of American history and a must-see destination for anyone interested in the history of the West.
El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro also known as the Royal Road of the Interior Land, is a significant trade route that was established in the 16th century. This historic trail served as a crucial transportation route for goods, travelers, and news between colonial Mexico and its northern territories for over 300 years. Covering over 1,500 miles, the trail passes through various terrains, including arid deserts, high mountains, and lush valleys. The route played a vital role in the development of commerce, culture, and diplomacy between Spanish America and the United States. This trail hosts numerous breathtaking sites, including historic cities, towns, bridges, haciendas, and other monuments protected today by the World Heritage Sites. Today, the trail is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is celebrated for its cultural and historical significance. Visitors can explore various sites along the trail, including historic missions, trading posts, and archaeological sites that showcase the diverse heritage of the region. For travelers interested in exploring the rich cultural tapestry of the Southwest, El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro is a must-visit.
Part 5. Politics
New Mexico has a vibrant and fascinating political history that is an important part of the state’s cultural identity. Beginning with Spanish colonization in the 16th century, New Mexico has had a diverse mix of political influences that have shaped the state’s development.
One of the most significant moments in New Mexico’s political history was its statehood in 1912, which was a turning point for the state’s representation and role in national politics. The state also played a significant role in the Civil Rights Movement, with notable activists such as Dolores Huerta and Reies Tijerina.
New Mexico has also been a center for political activism on issues such as land rights, environmental conservation, and indigenous sovereignty. The state’s demographics, including a significant Native American population, have contributed to a unique political landscape and a thriving tradition of grassroots organizing.
Overall, New Mexico’s political history is a rich legacy that continues to shape the state today, with a unique mix of cultural and political influences.
More on this soon…please check back later!
It’s time to celebrate the incredible artistry of Gregg, our PAL who has captured the breathtaking beauty of New Mexico on canvas for all to admire. Gregg’s paintings are a true masterpiece, showcasing the natural wonders of this phenomenal state with stunning detail and precision. Whether you’re a lover of art or just an admirer of nature, you’ll be blown away by the sheer beauty of Gregg’s creations. So take a moment to appreciate the talent and dedication that went into each and every brushstroke, and let Gregg’s art inspire you to explore the wonders of New Mexico for yourself.
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